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Major bridge development in Hong Kong, China—past, present and future

Michael CH HUI, Doris YAU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 405-414 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0136-4

摘要： The first “modern” type of vehicular bridge was built in Hong Kong China in the 1920s. The need for an efficient transportation system to cope with population growth and enable economic development has demanded the construction of more and more bridges since the middle of the 20th century. By 2007, Hong Kong had a total of about 1300 vehicular bridges. Four of these bridges, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, and the cable-stayed bridge on the Hong Kong- Shenzhen Western Corridor, are considered to be major bridges supported by cables. Currently, the Stonecutters Bridge on Route No. 8 is under construction and is expected to be completed in late 2009. At the same time, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will be in its detailed design stage soon. While efforts have been made by bridge builders to construct these giant structures, the upkeeping of these valuable assets at a high standard and ensuring their continuous functioning and performance during their intended lifespans will be another important task for bridge engineers. Wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS) will play a key role in this respect.

关键词： Tsing Ma Bridge Kap Shui Mun Bridge Ting Kau Bridge Stonecutters Bridge Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS)

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Construction management and technical innovation of the main project of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

Yongling ZHU, Jinwen ZHANG, Xinglin GAO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 128-132 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018201

摘要： Design Units: CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd.; China Zhongtie Major Bridge Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co., Ltd. Construction Units: China Communications Construction Company Limited Consortium; China Railway Shanhaiguan Bridge Group Co., Ltd.; Wuhan Heavy Engineering Co., Ltd.; CCCC First Harbor Engineering Company Ltd. Consortium; Guangdong Changda Highway Engineering Co., Ltd.; China ZhongTie Major Bridge Engineering Group Co., Ltd. Consortium; Chongqing Zhixiang Paving Technology Engineering Co., Ltd.; Hunan Construction Engineering Group; China Railway Electrification Bureau Group Co., Ltd. Consortium Supervision Units: China Railway Wuhan Bridge Engineering Consulting Supervision Co., Ltd. Consortium; China Classification Society Industrial Corp.; Wuhan Bridge and Building Works Supervision Co., Ltd.; Tiesiyuan (Hubei) Engineering Supervision Consulting Co., Ltd. Consortium; Xi’an Fangzhou Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. Consortium; Guangdong Zhonggong Project Management Co., Ltd.; Chongqing Zhongyu Engineering Consultation and Supervision Co., Ltd. Consortium

关键词： Major Bridge Zhongtie Major Engineering Group Bureau Group Construction Company

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Major bridge projects——a multi-disciplinary approach

Klaus H. OSTENFELD, Erik Y. ANDERSEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 479-495 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0137-3

摘要： Modern bridge building is much more than concrete, steel and money. The overall socioeconomic impact, influence on people migration, traffic, use of primary materials, safety of construction impact on the environment, energy, risk scenarios, health, and most relevant now: climate and CO emissions, are among the parameters which enter into the decision process at the overall holistic conceptual level, the more detailed level of selection of bridge sites, and selection of bridge types as well as construction methods and selection of materials and products. The paper illustrates these dilemmas and illustrates by specific examples how this complicated decision process can be managed and structured in order to arrive at an overall satisfactory solution for design, construction and maintenance throughout the lifetime (life cycle) to these sometimes contradictory parameters and requirements.

关键词： bridges materials climate risk safety environment socioeconomics traffic CO₂ energy life cycle society aesthetics

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The Major Root Causes of Smog in China and Technologies and Solutions to Reduce It

Ke Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 343-348 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016053

摘要： This paper discusses the two major root causes of smog in China. The first one is the distributed coal combustion in many small and medium sized boilers which have no emission control systems installed. To resolve this problem, there are several ways, such as increasing the centralized coal combustion for heat and power cogeneration; or converting coal to SNG in areas where there is enough water resource and removing the pollutants of the coal in the centralized coal to SNG plant, or refining the coal and making it cleaner first before combustion. The second major cause of smog is the low quality diesel and outdated diesel engines used in China. To solve this problem, there are some ways, such as improving the diesel quality to meet the national V standard, and meanwhile, enhancing the law enforcement to eliminate these outdated diesel engines that do not meet the national emission standards; in addition, combusting cleaner and cheaper fuel such as methanol or DME in the diesel engines is also an option for certain areas where there are abundant alternative fuels such as methanol to replace diesel.

关键词： smog emissions coal refining coal utilization solutions

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Translational application of neuroimaging in major depressive disorder: a review of psychoradiological

Ziqi Chen, Xiaoqi Huang, Qiyong Gong, Bharat B. Biswal

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 528-540 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0798-1

摘要： Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes great decrements in health and quality of life with increments in healthcare costs, but the causes and pathogenesis of depression remain largely unknown, which greatly prevent its early detection and effective treatment. With the advancement of neuroimaging approaches, numerous functional and structural alterations in the brain have been detected in MDD and more recently attempts have been made to apply these findings to clinical practice. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the progress in translational application of psychoradiological findings in MDD with a specified focus on potential clinical usage. The foreseeable clinical applications for different MRI modalities were introduced according to their role in disorder classification, subtyping, and prediction. While evidence of cerebral structural and functional changes associated with MDD classification and subtyping was heterogeneous and/or sparse, the ACC and hippocampus have been consistently suggested to be important biomarkers in predicting treatment selection and treatment response. These findings underlined the potential utility of brain biomarkers for clinical practice.

关键词： psychoradiology major depressive disorder MRI biomarker

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and the major regulators

Li XUE, Ertao WANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 296-306 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020347

摘要：

Plants growing in natural soils encounter diverse biotic and abiotic stresses and have adapted with sophisticated strategies to deal with complex environments such as changing root system structure, evoking biochemical responses and recruiting microbial partners. Under selection pressure, plants and their associated microorganisms assemble into a functional entity known as a holobiont. The commonest cooperative interaction is between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. About 80% of terrestrial plants can form AM symbiosis with the ancient phylum Glomeromycota. A very large network of extraradical and intraradical mycelium of AM fungi connects the underground biota and the nearby carbon and nutrient fluxes. Here, we discuss recent progress on the regulators of AM associations with plants, AM fungi and their surrounding environments, and explore further mechanistic insights.

关键词： AM symbiosis signal regulators nutrients phosphate microbiota

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Life cycle and performance based seismic design of major bridges in China

FAN Lichu

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 261-266 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0033-z

摘要： The idea of life cycle and performance based seismic design of major bridges is introduced. Based on the key components and non-key components of a bridge and the consideration of the inspectability, replaceability, reparability, controllability and retrofitability of the bridge components, different seismic design levels and expected performance objectives are suggested for the major bridges in China. The vulnerability analysis and progressive collapse analysis, as well as risk assessment, are also proposed to be the important issues to study in order to guide the seismic design of major bridges in the future.

关键词： controllability progressive reparability different important

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Progress on major genes for high fecundity in ewes

Qiuyue LIU,Zhangyuan PAN,Xiangyu WANG,Wenping HU,Ran DI,Yaxing YAO,Mingxing CHU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第4期页码 282-290 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014042

摘要： The existence of major genes affecting fecundity in sheep flocks throughout the world has been demonstrated. Three major genes whose mutations can increase ovulation rate have been discovered, and all related to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. The mutant of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) has an additive effect on ovulation rate. Six mutations ( , , , , , ) of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) related with fertility have been identified that share the same mechanism. All the mutants can increase ovulation rate in heterozygotes and cause complete sterility in homozygotes. Homozygous ewes with two new mutations ( ) of BMP15 had increased ovulation rate without causing sterility. There are five mutations in growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) associated with sheep prolificacy where and have additive an effect on ovulation rate and litter size. The newly identified β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 ( ) gene of is proposed as a new mechanism of ovulation rate regulation in sheep. is an X-linked maternally imprinted gene which increases ovulation rate. In addition, several putative major genes need to be verified. This review is focused on the identification of the mutations and mechanisms whereby the major genes affecting ovulation rate.

关键词： major gene ovulation rate sheep reproduction

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Value Management Practices on Major Construction Projects and Green Building

Ru-jiang Zhao,Wung Hee Moh

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第2期页码 147-157 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016018

摘要： The paper starts with background information on value management (VM) in the construction industry and current development situation of the green building industry, and costs and profitability of green buildings. The paper continues with detailed analyses of the findings, covering new developments and perceptions of VM, and applications of VM in the industry. The paper also reports case studies on the practices adopted in the planning and design management phase of SIPO Guangdong Patent Examination Cooperation Center and in the construction management phase of Guangzhou International Bio-Island Standard Property Unit II project. As revealed by the practices, the value-adds and savings in construction costs through the application of VM are important for the developers, and the contributions of VM application in green building projects are significant to achieving the expected targets and to resolving the design and construction challenges encountered in the development of green building industry. And the paper presents, findings on how VM can improve construction management and coordination of several ongoing construction projects and on how VM can be systematically implemented by phases, and discussions on other potential benefits of using VM systems.

关键词： value management (VM) VM theory and practices Chinese construction industry green buildings

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Temporal trend of mortality from major cancers in Xuanwei, China

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 487-495 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0413-z

摘要：

Although a number of studies have examined the etiology of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China, other types of cancer in this county have not been reported systematically. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of eight major cancers in Xuanwei County using data from three mortality surveys (1973–1975, 1990–1992, and 2004–2005). The Chinese population in 1990 was used as a standard population to calculate age-standardized mortality rates. Cancers of lung, liver, breast, brain, esophagus, leukemia, rectum, and stomach were identified as the leading cancers in this county in terms of mortality rate. During the three time periods, lung cancer remained as the most common type of cancer. The mortality rates for all other types of cancer were lower than those of the national average, but an increasing trend was observed for all the cancers, particularly from 1990–1992 to 2004–2005. The temporal trend could be partly explained by changes in risk factors, but it also may be due to the improvement in cancer diagnosis and screening. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to systematically examine the underlying reasons for the temporal trend of the major cancers in Xuanwei County.

关键词： cancer mortality Xuanwei temporal trend

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Environmental and human health impact assessment of major interior wall decorative materials

Bingqing ZHANG, Ruochen ZENG, Xiaodong LI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 406-415 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0025-4

摘要： Despite the growing interest in green products in the interior wall decorative material market, knowledge gaps exist because determining which product is more environmental and user friendly than the others is difficult. This work assesses the environmental and human health profiles of interior latex and wallpaper. Two interior latex products of different raw material ratios and one non-woven wallpaper product are considered. The environmental impact assessment follows life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and applies Building Environmental Performance Analysis System (BEPAS). The human health impact is based on impact-pathway chain and is performed using Building Health Impact Analysis System (BHIAS). The assessment scope, associated emissions, and territorial scope of various emissions are defined to facilitate comparison study of interior wall decorative products. The impacts are classified into 15 categories belonging to three safeguard areas: ecological environment, natural resources, and human health. The impacts of categories are calculated and monetized using willingness to pay (WTP) and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) and summarized as an integrated external cost of environmental and human health impacts. Assessment results reveal that the integrated impact of interior latex is lower than that of non-woven wallpaper, and the interior latex of low quality causes low life cycle integrated impact. The most impacted categories are global warming, respiratory effects, and water consumption. Hotspots of product manufacturing are recognized to promote green product design.

关键词： life cycle assessment human health impact integrated assessment interior wall decorative material green product

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世界主要国家工程科技重大计划与前沿问题综述

宋超,孙胜凯,陈进东,王亚琼,阚晓伟,魏畅,崔剑

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第1期页码 4-12 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.01.002

摘要：

本文梳理了近年来世界各主要国家工程科技领域的重大战略计划和措施，简要分析了当前工程科技主要领域发展状况、水平，对主要国家工程科技领域计划的目标、路径与内容进行了比较分析，描绘了工程科技计划关系图、聚焦点和前沿问题。

关键词：工程科技主要国家重大计划前沿问题聚焦点

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Implementation of a flexible Major Vacation Toll-free Program for small passenger vehicles in China

Meng XU, Ziyou GAO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 498-499 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017111

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Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 239-246 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0509-8

摘要：

Patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer (SHNC) have a particularly high risk of nosocomial infections. We aimed to identify risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients undergoing SHNC. The study included 465 patients who underwent SHNC between June 2011 and June 2014. The rate of VAP, risk factors for VAP, and biological aspects of VAP were retrospectively evaluated. The incidence of VAP was 19.6% (n=95) in patients who required more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Staphylococcus (37.7%), Enterobacteriaceae (32.1%), Pseudomonas(20.8%), and Haemophilus (16.9%) were the major bacterial species that caused VAP. The independent risk factors for VAP were advanced age, current smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a higher simplified acute physiology score system II upon admission. Tracheostomy was an independent protective factor for VAP. The median length of stay in the ICU for patients who did or did not develop VAP was 8.0 and 6.5 days, respectively (P=0.006). Mortality among patients who did or did not develop VAP was 16.8% and 8.4%, respectively (P<0.001). The potential economic impact of VAP was high because of the significantly extended duration of ventilation. A predictive regression model was developed with a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 69.4%. VAP is common in patients who are undergoing SHNC and who require more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, innovative preventive measures should be developed and applied in this high-risk population.

关键词： ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) pneumonia risk factors surgery for head and neck cancer (SHNC)

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CRITICAL PROCESSES AND MAJOR FACTORS THAT DRIVE NITROGEN TRANSPORT FROM FARMLAND TO SURFACE WATER BODIES

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第4期页码 541-552 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023518

摘要：

Agricultural non-point source pollution is increasingly an important issue affecting surface water quality. Currently, the majority of the studies on nitrogen loss have focused on the agricultural field scale, however, the response of surface water quality at the watershed scale into the nitrogen loss at the field scale is poorly understood. The present study systematically reviewed the critical processes and major factors that nitrogen transport from farm fields to surface water bodies. The critical processes of farmland nitrogen entering surface water bodies involve the processes of nitrogen transport from farmland to ditches and the transformation processes of nitrogen during migration in ditches/rivers. Nitrogen transport from farmland to ditches is one of the prerequisites and critical processes for farmland nitrogen transport to surface water bodies. The transformation of nitrogen forms in ditches/rivers is an intermediate process in the migration of nitrogen from farmland to surface water bodies. Nitrogen loss from farmland is related to soil storage and exogenous inputs. Therefore, nitrogen input management should not only consider the current input, but also the contribution of soil storage due to the historical surpluses. Ditches/rivers have a strong retention capacity for nitrogen, which will significantly affect the process of farmland nitrogen entering surface water bodies. The factors affecting nitrogen transformation in river/ditches can be placed in four categories: (1) factors affecting hydraulic retention time, (2) factors affecting contact area, (3) factors affecting biological activity, and (4) forms and amount of nitrogen loading to river/ditches. Ditch systems are more biologically (including plants and microbes) active than rivers with biological factors having a greater influence on nitrogen transformation. When developing pollution prevention and control strategies, ecological ditches can be constructed to increase biological activity and reduce the amount of surplus nitrogen entering the water body. The present research should be valuable for the evaluation of environment impacts of nitrogen loss and the non-point source pollution control.

关键词： nitrogen loss from soil transformation farm field scale watershed scale